This is a re-post of an article I wrote for Catholic Online in 2010.
Medical
research is reporting with greater urgency how football can
damage the body--especially the brain--and the findings are
sobering. Two recent university studies have found that dementia
symptoms, memory loss, paranoia and depression are highly prevalent among
former football players--starting in middle age. Some sources indicate
about 43,000 to 67,000 concussions are suffered by high
school football players alone each year--with perhaps that many more
failing to report their symptoms.
The
rest of the body suffers as well. A growing number of former
players are reporting debilitating pain years after hanging up their
cleats--multiple surgeries, loss of physical functions, not being able to
work--and the emotional and spiritual stress that accompanies it all.
Football
officials are working to manage the physical risks. Yet there
are spiritual concerns that must be addressed as well;
who better than the Church to form the game plan. Football is not
"only" a sport--it is a major piece of America's lifestyle.
Called to minister to the people of God where they are, the Church needs
to be at the heart of healing football's spiritual wounds.
Is football moral?
This involves grappling
with a number of soul-searching questions, in light of the Church's
teaching that "life and physical health are precious gifts entrusted to us
by God. We must take reasonable care of them, taking into account the needs of
others and the common good." (CCC #2288) Perhaps first among these
questions is how a sport known to be physically dangerous can
be morally licit given the care and respect owed to the
body.
A fundamental
tool of Catholic moral theology can be applied here: the principle of double
effect. First formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas, this principle examines
the morality of an action that produces both good and
harmful effects. Four criteria must be met for the action to be considered
morally acceptable in the Christian conscience.
First
of all, the action itself must be good, or at least morally neutral. Fr.
John Hollowell makes the case that playing football is a good
that only becomes dangerous when done incorrectly. A former high
school and college player, Fr. Hollowell chaplains the football team at
Cardinal Ritter High School in Indianapolis. "I've never seen a concussion
in football from anything other than bad technique," he said, "either
on the part of the runner or the tackler. If football is played within the
rules today it almost never leads to brain injuries."
He
is not alone in this opinion. There is a body of professional
literature that claims most football injuries are preventable if players
are properly conditioned and the game's rules are consistently followed
and enforced.
The
second and third criteria of the principle of double effect state that the
harm cannot be intended, nor can it be a means to the good
effect. Fr. Clint Ressler, the Catholic chaplain for the NFL's
Houston Texans, believes football passes both tests. "Most Christian
players try to play the game the right way," he said. "They are good
sportsmen and respect the game and their opponents. In football there is no
explicit purpose to hurt or disable the opponent. In this sense, the injuries
are, in most cases, truly accidents." Fr. Ressler also notes that most
Christian players pray for safety on the field and leave the rest in God's
hands.
The
fourth criterion says there must be a proportionate reason
to allow the harmful effect--the harm cannot outweigh the good. If we
accept that most football injuries are the unintentional result
of poor conditioning, faulty technique and playing outside the game's
established rules, then we can allow that the many good things the game
has to offer--teamwork, discipline, dedication to mission, bonding friendships,
community spirit--outweigh its real but manageable risks.
Dropping the ball
Yet
for years the risks have not been managed well, which is why so many players
are suffering today. Football has long surrendered to a broader
culture that teaches men to ignore pain, that believes nursing an injury
is unmanly, and upholds physical toughness and even violence as
the key to manhood.
These ideas
have even been interpreted as Christian principles. Both Christianity
and football teach self-sacrifice, putting the needs of others before our own,
"playing through pain." Jesus himself subjected his body to
violence to accomplish his mission.
So
how can football players raised in this environment--and the physical
and emotional wreckage it has left in its wake--adopt a spiritual approach
to the game that rejects the old paradigm and better safeguards
their physical health? The Church can take the lead through an outreach to teams
of all ages, teaching parents, coaches, trainers and team chaplains solid
pastoral skills and vision.
Recovering the fumble
Edward
Hastings, Director of the Institute for Sport, Spirituality and Character
Development at Neumann University in Aston, Pennsylvania, frames
the issue in the Christian context of physical-spiritual
union. "I think we need to help men realize more that our bodies are
Temples of the Holy Spirit," he said. "Men tend to be taught to
tough it out, move on and not pay attention to our bodies. I think good
pastoral care--especially for men--needs to focus on reasonable, good awareness
of the holiness of our bodies, to focus on the belief that we are made in the
image and likeness of God, and see the sacredness and responsibilities this
entails."
Fr.
Ressler agrees, and maintains that the problem begins in childhood. "Our
culture no longer initiates boys into manhood," he said. "We
have, as a culture, a very shallow understanding of masculinity, equating it
with physical prowess and, ultimately, violence. Sports easily get derailed
without healthy leadership and coaching."
Fr.
Hollowell offers a practical, spiritually healthy approach for
coaches to help players understand both their obligation to the team as well as
to their own health, echoing St. Paul's teaching that when one member of
the body suffers, the entire body suffers. "The way to talk to the kid as
his coach is to explain to him that if he plays injured, it hurts the
team," he said. "Plain and simple. He may want to get out there
and he may feel like he can do better than his backup, but if a coach explains
to the kid that the player would be hurting the team, most guys understand
that."
Another contributing
factor to football's troubles is a culture that seems to have an appetite for
increased contact in sports. Two newer (though now
defunct) football leagues--the XFL and Arena Football League--marketed a
more violent brand of the game. (One Arena League team used as its advertising
slogan "Bring on the Hurt.")
A
sound Christian perspective needs to address this trend as well. It is true
that Jesus subjected his body to violence and even willingly allowed himself to
be killed. But he entered into suffering and death because they are experiences
God never willed for his people in the first place. Sin brought them into
existence, and humanity was powerless to defeat them; so Jesus subjected
himself to pain and death to conquer them for us. While pain and death remain
as the consequence of sin, God does not will any of us to purposely seek
them. Rather, we are called to alleviate others' pain--not cause it--and to
stand up for the sanctity of the human body in all its stages and
circumstances.
The ultimate healing
A
final piece of the pastoral plan needs to reach out to those who regret
having played football because of the harm it has done to their body. Edward
Hastings states it plainly: "The pastoral response seems to be to accept
forgiveness from God for this. We need to be sensitive to someone wanting to
'take one for the team' and then getting hurt."
When a
football player adopts all of this as his spiritual game plan, he has
truly become a man.